Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1912 Words

Abstract The onslaught of homosexuality legalization movements and initiatives has presented the society with a barrage of questions – dilemmas, even – regarding its moral and political sides. Legalization of same-sex marriage is a highly divisive issue and often pits former friends, neighbors and even relatives against each other. Whereas some people believe that same-sex marriage is an unnatural and unhealthy phenomenon, activists exhorting its legalization hold fast to the opposite opinion. The groundswell of opinion in the US is in favor of gay marriage and 37 states have already enshrined it in law. In most countries around the world, however, just the opposite is true. What is more appalling, homosexuality is punishable by death in several Middle Eastern countries. Even in the US, not all people accept the spread of gay marriage across the country with tacit acquiescence. Indeed, just as homosexuals and their supporters stage gay pride parades, the naysayers, too, eddy int o the streets to protests against the spread of what they often call â€Å"the new bubonic plague†. Taking an unprejudiced approach to the issue, this paper has analyzed arguments both in favor and against legalization of same-sex marriage. Many opponents of gay marriage remonstrate against any idea of its legalization, because homosexuals, they say, are far too incompetent to bring up children. Furthermore, they opine that homosexual parents are a menace to children. Also, opponents of same-sex marriageShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitateRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LG BTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage2317 Words   |  10 PagesCavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movementRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before maki ng the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marry

Being A Transfer Student From The Uw Green Bay Essay

Being a transfer student from the UW-Green Bay, I honestly did not know what to expect from UW-Whitewater’s accounting program. The instant I heard that there was an internship program I knew that I had to be a part of it. One of the main goals of going to college is to land a job after graduation. The internship program seemed like the greatest way to get experience in the accounting, while building a relationship with a firm that may lead to a full-time offer. From start to finish the whole process was a lot of work, but in the end, I knew it would all be worth it. To sign up for the internship program we were required to attend two mandatory meetings that would explain the processes and requirements for the program. I was able to make it to the first meeting just fine, but was unable to make it to the second meeting because of a scheduling conflict. Although I was unable to attend the second meeting, Bill and I were able to schedule a new appointment so that I could still b e eligible to participate in the program. After joining the program, we were told that multiple firms would be contacting us early in the summer to inform us of certain events they would be holding that would allow us to get to know them better. When the summer came my inbox filled up with numerous emails explaining the dates and time for certain firm visits and socials. I RSVP’d to as many firm visits as I could, but some firm’s dates conflicted with one another so I had to choose what event I wouldShow MoreRelatedApplication Essay Sample892 Words   |  4 PagesThedaCare’s School of Radiologic Technology, my first choice of a hospital-based program, offers students a concentration of courses and an array of learning opportunities. With a 100% pass rate in the past 50 years and a rank in the top ten in the nation for boards, I am honored to submit my application to the ThedaCare’s School of Radiologic Technology Program. From the school visit at Univers ity of Wisconsin – Oshkosh, I was impressed with ThedaCare’s in-depth program explanation, notably the

Sustainable Development Goal Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write an Essay on Sustainable Development Goal. Answer: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is an important health issue and one of the measures of womens health. It is an indicative of a countrys healthcare system functioning and performance. Several international conferences have tried to include the goal of reduction of the maternal mortality rate across the world. However, the monitoring of the progress is difficult in this context and plans for the development. It is difficult in developing countries like Middle East and North Africa where there is weak healthcare systems and poor health information (Kassebaum et al., 2014). Maternal mortality rate in Middle East and North Africa has declined significantly from 1990 to 2015. It has declined by around two-thirds over the years. The country is working towards the achievement of the target 1 of sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 to reduce the maternal mortality rate ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. The MMR rate per 100, 000 live births has halved since 1990 to 2015 from 166 to 81 and the proportion of mothers who die during childbirth have reduced significantly (Wang et al., 2014). There is improvement of women reproductive health that not only provides benefit to the family and the children, but, also helps in the progress of the countrys economic and social development. Therefore, in this essay, I will demonstrate that Middle East and North Africa is likely to achieve a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births because the MMR have significantly decreased from 166 to 81 from 1990 to 2015. Under the SDG 3 Good Health and Well Being, the challenge is to ensure health lives and works to promote the well-being among all the people at all ages. Its main aim is to increase the life expectancy and reduce the common health issues that are associated with the maternal mortality rate and child (Ordunez Campbell, 2016). Poor health status constitutes the deprivation and suffering that have a detrimental effect on the well-being of the people. Under the Goal 3.1 of SDG, the United Nations target to tackle health inequality formed on an international health agenda. Under this goal of 3.1, it is aimed at reducing the maternal mortality rate to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 globally. Globally, the MMR has significantly declined to 2.3 % between the years 1990 to 2015 (Kuruvilla et al., 2016). This statistics pave a way to possibility to accelerate the reduction of MMR and eventually, the countries are working towards a new target to reduce the MMR even further. Women in developing countries have a lifetime death risk due to pregnancy that leads to death due to severe complications like bleeding and infections after childbirth, delivery complications and unsafe abortion. The women who give birth below the age of 15 are likely to face childbirth related complications and are at a greater risk of death from the pregnancy. Though the health care facilities have improved in Middle East and North Africa, the percentage of skilled attendants due the delivery is less and poor access to health treatments for the life-threatening conditions that occur during pregnancy. However, MMR have reduced more than 90%, still, there is more scope for development and progress towards this goal. Arguably, according to Say et al., (2014) Middle East and North Africa have made impressive progress; however, the progress is slow in reducing the MMR and in the achievement of the target. Therefore, through the Goal 3, Middle East and North Africa and international comm unity, SDG have committed to make the global effort to strengthen the healthcare system, treatment facilities, eradicate disease and address the major health issues. It also calls to reduce the MMR rates to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 by putting an end to preventable deaths of the newborns and mothers (Murray et al., 2014). Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had undergone many historical changes that led to the high MMR in the country. The economic issues and bombarding population in the past have led to the increase in the MMR in the current scenario. The country suffered an economic crisis in the past thirty years. Despite of undertaking of many economic reforms by the country, there is weak performance in terms of growth that links to the poor healthcare systems, employment generation and global economy to ensure health equity among the public (Ncube, Anyanwu Hausken, 2014). Historically, the country was greatly dependent on the oil wealth and then during the year 1970, MENA region failed to generate sustained and high growth rate and unable to reap the benefits of world economic integration and globalization. Moreover, the country suffered high record of unemployment that led to the decrease in the working population in the labour force. However, the country was successful in stabilizing the macro economy in the country. In addition, due to economic instability, there is a low level of gynaecological and obstetric expenditure that provides high quality healthcare facilities to the mothers (Pfstl Kymlicka, 2015). Another issue is the bombarding of the population, although there is decrease in fertility rates over the years since 1990. The economic dependency and demographic challenge leads to a large number of uneducated, unhealthy and unabsorbed people in the labour market. The country is also suffering brain drain and that have large implications on the ratio of economically inactive to active population and low level of women participation (Karam Afiouni, 2014). This leads to decrease in skilled healthcare workers required for providing proper treatment to the mothers and newborns during pregnancy. However, the country is working towards the reduction of MMR that has significantly decreased to 166 to 81 from 1990 to 2015. There are cultural factors that also led to the increase in the MMR. There is a lot of gender inequality in terms of low female literacy linked to maternal mortality rates. However, the country has made progress to reduce the gender gap between the girls and boys in the human development. The men are more likely to attend university and perceive education as compared to women in the country. The young women are vulnerable to unemployment and education and so they are prone to early marriages. The early marriage in the girls before the age of 15 years drastically affect the health and make them susceptible to pregnancy related complications and deaths contributing to an increase in MMRs (Al-Akra, Abdel-Qader Billah, 2016). The health problems prior to pregnancy and obstetric complications pose an implication on the decision-making of the people with respect to preservation of well-being among the women. Literacy is important among the women to address the pregnancy related complicati ons and yield a sustainable reduction in maternal mortality rates (Guazzone, 2016). Peoples attitude towards biomedicine has not yet developed to significant figures. The people of MENA region have a different understanding of the diseases and their causes that affect the healthcare system of the country. There is complexity in the society that is leading to the understanding of the people towards their health. The biomedicine and care is greatly influenced by culture in MENA region and require extensive out-reach to the people through enlightment and communication to reduce the burden of diseases and MMRs (Siddiqi et al., 2016). The structural and behavioural factors like the improvement in medical care, successful family planning, nutrition and changes in the attitude related to fertility rates are some of the factors that influence the quality of life and longevity of the women showing high MMRs. There is unequal access to healthcare facilities in terms of obstetrics and gynaecological facilities. The maternal nutrition during pregnancy determines the health of the mother prior to delivery (Hennekam, Tahssain?Gay Syed, 2017). The successful family planning has also direct implication on the health of the women as early marriage give rise to serious health complications during pregnancy leading to increase in MMR (Gatti et al., 2014). The above discussion shows that there was a high prevalence of increased MMR in the MENA region, however, the country is significantly trying to achieve the SDG Goal 3 to reduce the MMR to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Although, the country has faced many historical, cultural and structural factors that have led to the increase in the MMR in the country, it is significantly working towards the achievement of the SDG Goal 3 to reduce the MMR by 2030 by 70 per 100,000 live births. Social model of health provides a holistic and distinctive definition and understanding of the health that would work beyond the limitations that is related to medical health model. In this model, health is realised from a broader perspective of human experiences and social structures that provides implications fro professional practice (Greene, 2015). The key principles for professional practice would involve addressing of broader social determinants, reduction of social inequalities, empowerment of community and individuals, equal access to healthcare achieved through collaboration (Bircher Kuruvilla, 2014)). To get better birth outcomes and reduction in MMRs, MENA region has adopted a unique intervention is the economic inclusion and gender equality. There have also increased the quality of healthcare with increase in community building that provides the best quality of care in obstetrics and gynaecology in pregnancy complications (Liu et al., 2015). This intervention shows that the country is progressing towards the achievement of SDG goal 3 target of reducing the MMRs to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. The recommendations include the empowerment of the women through education, reduction of the gender inequality in employment and in providing the quality healthcare facilities in obstetrics and gynaecology departments (de Bernis et al., 2016). The country should also work towards economic growth, public spending on health, maternal nutrition and education. The interventions involving behavioural change and providing them information about pregnancy, related risk and arranging of skilled doctors and birth attendants during the labour and delivery (Souza et al., 2013). The prenatal counselling, nutritional interventions and skilled attendance at birth have would help the country to achieve its SDG Goal 3 (Soubeiga et al., 2014). If MENA region works towards the implementation of these successful interventions, it can achieve its goal of SDG and can improve the health of the country. References Al-Akra, M., Abdel-Qader, W., Billah, M. (2016). Internal auditing in the Middle East and North Africa: A literature review.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,26, 13-27. Bircher, J., Kuruvilla, S. (2014). Defining health by addressing individual, social, and environmental determinants: New opportunities for health care and public health.Journal of public health policy,35(3), 363-386. de Bernis, L., Kinney, M. V., Stones, W., ten Hoope-Bender, P., Vivio, D., Leisher, S. H., ... Franco, L. (2016). Stillbirths: ending preventable deaths by 2030.The Lancet,387(10019), 703-716. Gatti, R., Angel-Urdinola, D. F., Silva, J., Bodor, A. (2014).Striving for better jobs: the challenge of informality in the middle east and North Africa. World Bank Publications. Greene, K. (2015). 12 An Integrated Model of Health Disclosure Decision-Making1.Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications, 226. Guazzone, L. (Ed.). (2016).The Middle East in Global Change: The Politics and Economics of Interdependence versus Fragmentation. Springer. Hennekam, S., Tahssain?Gay, L., Syed, J. (2017). Contextualising diversity management in the Middle East and North Africa: a relational perspective.Human Resource Management Journal. Karam, C. M., Afiouni, F. (2014). Localizing women's experiences in academia: multilevel factors at play in the Arab Middle East and North Africa.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(4), 500-538. Kassebaum, N. J., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Coggeshall, M. S., Shackelford, K. A., Steiner, C., Heuton, K. R., ... Templin, T. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 980-1004. Kuruvilla, S., Bustreo, F., Kuo, T., Mishra, C. K., Taylor, K., Fogstad, H., ... Rasanathan, K. (2016). The Global strategy for womens, childrens and adolescents health (20162030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience.Bull World Health Organ,94(5), 398-400. Liu, L., Oza, S., Hogan, D., Perin, J., Rudan, I., Lawn, J. E., ... Black, R. E. (2015). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 200013, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis.The Lancet,385(9966), 430-440. Murray, C. J., Ortblad, K. F., Guinovart, C., Lim, S. S., Wolock, T. M., Roberts, D. A., ... Wang, H. (2014). Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 1005-1070. Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J. C., Hausken, K. (2014). Inequality, economic growth and poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).African Development Review,26(3), 435-453. Ordunez, P., Campbell, N. R. (2016). Beyond the opportunities of SDG 3: the risk for the NCDs agenda.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,4(1), 15-17. Pfstl, E., Kymlicka, W. (2015). Minority politics in the Middle East and North Africa: the prospects for transformative change.Ethnic and Racial Studies,38(14), 2489-2498. Say, L., Chou, D., Gemmill, A., Tunalp, ., Moller, A. B., Daniels, J., ... Alkema, L. (2014). Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis.The Lancet Global Health,2(6), e323-e333. Siddiqi, A., Stoppani, J., Anadon, L. D., Narayanamurti, V. (2016). Scientific Wealth in Middle East and North Africa: Productivity, Indigeneity, and Specialty in 19812013.PloS one,11(11), e0164500. Soubeiga, D., Gauvin, L., Hatem, M. A., Johri, M. (2014). Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 129. Souza, J. P., Glmezoglu, A. M., Vogel, J., Carroli, G., Lumbiganon, P., Qureshi, Z., ... Neves, I. (2013). Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health): a cross-sectional study.The Lancet,381(9879), 1747-1755. Wang, H., Liddell, C. A., Coates, M. M., Mooney, M. D., Levitz, C. E., Schumacher, A. E., ... Sandar, L. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 957-979.

5 effective tips for writing your first book

Writing a book is a dream of many writers and non-writers alike. We all have plenty of ideas in our minds that we want to share with the world. Writing a book acts as a great medium for writers to express their opinions, views and thoughts. Sadly, many writers feel intimidated by the word-count requirements of the book. The idea of writing hundreds of pages regarding few important thoughts in the head can be exhausting. But believe me, it’s not that hard. Quick Links 1. Writing a Book 2. Tips to Write a Book 2.1 Set Realistic Goals 2.2 Plan Your Book 2.3 Writing Space 2.4 Get Early Feedback 2.5 Finishing a Book 3. Conclusion 1. Writing a Book Book writing is a very rewarding and uplifting experience. On one hand it gives you a sense of accomplishment, and on the other hand, it gives your ego a good boost, every time someone talks about your book or introduces you as a book writer. Book writing is nothing similar to writing an essay for fun. But in fact, is something serious that requires deep analysis and long nights of hard work, rivers of blood and sweat to craft a unique representation of the writer's thoughts. In the end, when you look at your book cover and think, â€Å"I wrote it, it’s mine.† That feeling is euphoric. A good book is not the one that just gets published. Yes, I know getting a book published is also hard. But creating a buzz about the book is a different struggle altogether. One of the biggest successes for any book is that the audience is ready to kill to get a copy of your book. Yes, it’s a little too much for beginners to dream of. But you need to set bigger and higher goals for your book so that you can land somewhere under the higher book club. In this article, I will give you amazing tips that you can incorporate in your book writing habit. Needless to say, these tips will change the pattern of your writing, and this will be a good experience. So don’t stop here and keep reading. And you will benefit from this article. Trust me; it’s not one of those unrealistic articles that claim to make you an amazing writer in two weeks. Or the ones that start with a cheesy line of â€Å"Write a book that sells 1500, 000 copies in two days†. Such titles are wrong and extremely misleading that give false hope to readers and are often the number one reason for failure and losing spirit in writing journey. 2. Tips to Write a Book First things first, if you are not an experienced writer or are an aspiring writer, then, note that your first book will be a huge learning experience. So don’t write to gain popularity, write it to learn, to experience a new domain of writing. Simply write for passion. Write to fall in love with the content of your book. Write for the spiritual reward that comes from it. I assure you that if you put effort into it, you can write a book. 2.1 Set Realistic Goals Writing a book of 5000 pages, in the first attempt is not a very realistic goal for most of the writers. Start with small word number. Select the number of the page you want to write. Then know what kind of book you want to write. If it is going to be a topic-based, fiction or academic? Knowing the genre of book is essential for writing a book and setting its goals. Never choose a topic that you are not passionate about. Writing about a certain topic, just because it’s famous, is not going to make your book a success. In book, writing trends don’t matter, only words matter. Yes, if you are passionate about a particular topic then write on it. Otherwise, avoid copying the genre. For example, a writer named Steve Scott started writing stories in the form of short books of around twenty thousand to thirty thousand words around every three weeks, but now this writer makes half-million dollars in a year after writing his 55 books. So don’t lose hope, and remember, slow and steady wins the race. 2.2 Plan your book Planning a book is a fundamental step towards writing. Planning provides you with the outline and gives you clarity in the writing phase. You don’t have to follow the plan 100%, but you can always alter it later, whenever necessary. Write your topic sentence or main argument and then form your book around it. 2.3 Writing Space Everyone has a different way of writing. Some like to change places while others like to write in the same space. But there is no right and wrong way of choosing the writing place. But ideally, it is advised to write in the same place every day when starting a book. Writing on the same place gives you a sense of commitment and feeling of continuity. Always choose a place that is different from your daily activity place. Make this place special and separate. Make sure that no one disturbs you during your writing. Always follow your writing schedule, let no one disturbs you. Continuity is the key to finish your book. 2.4 Get Early Feedback There is nothing more horrible than rewriting a book or changing the content of it. Make sure that you have a few trusted people in your loop that can proofread your work for you. These can be your friends, family members, or cousins. Take help if possible. This way, you will be able to get feedback before completing the book. And will save you from huge trouble. 2.5 Finishing a Book Before starting a book, write some paragraphs or few pages that tell you end goal of your book like how you want your book to look like at the end. After finishing your book, proofread it again and again. Once you are satisfied, read the first expectation paragraph that you wrote for your book. Then compare what you have written to what you aimed for at the end. This will give you insight about the requirements that you have fulfilled and the requirements that you still need to incorporate in your book. 3. Conclusion There is nothing wrong in taking inspiration from the other writers and their work. But make sure that you don’t copy there work. Or take help from an essay writer available on several essay writing services for help and guidance. We are here for you as well. Click on the chat option to talk to our support representative for further guidance. Even if your book doesn’t get approved by the publisher, keep writing! As no one has ever become a book writer in a single attempt or a day.

Developing price policy

Developing price policy Introduction Pricing of products and services is of fundamental importance in the four elements of marketing mix that generates profit for business enterprises. According to Boone and Kurtz (2011), the factors that influence the price of commodities and services can be categorized as external and internal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing price policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pricing thus, is more than just simple calculations of the cost of production and setting up a markup (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Consequently, pricing policy becomes a major component of enterprise marketing plan, which is part of the whole business plan (Boone Kurtz 2011). Moreover, pricing policy ultimately affects the other marketing mix elements of the product which in turn, impact on how the product is viewed by consumers and purchase decisions (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Target market segment The target segment is a part of consumers that can be optimally served by the company’s projected and existing capacities at a profit. The introduction of more efficient technologies has enabled construction of lighter, less expensive, and more powerful radio and aircraft systems (Doyle 2002). As a result, there has been a global rise in the hobby of flying RC airplanes and the application of such airplanes in the military and scientific research organizations. The target market for the new RC airplane will be individual users, research stations, governments, and military units. However, it is worth noting that each of the target users mentioned is unique and requires different marketing and pricing strategies that can be adjusted in accordance to prevailing market conditions (Kotler 1997). Channel of distribution The sole objective of every business enterprise is to make profit by selling their commodities and services to consumers or ultimate users. In order for the producer of the commoditie s to achieve this objective, they must ensure that the goods they produce reach the consumer. The goods must follow a defined distribution network to reach the consumers via what is commonly referred to as trade channel or distribution channel (Kotler 1997). In fact, the trade channel acts as the link between the producer and the consumers; therefore, any channel of distribution comprises the producer, middlemen, and final buyers (Anderson James 1990). Selling the new RC airplanes will be done using the indirect method distribution channel; however, caution will be taken to ensure that middlemen are minimized. Minimizing the middlemen (Kotler 2003) is essential in ensuring profit maximization and that consumers are not overcharged since every middleman charges extra profit or commission for the goods they sell.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, according to Anderson and James (1990), goods that are produced in large quantity cannot reach the final users or consumers at the right time and place without the input of middlemen. Consequently, they will be sold via two middlemen as depicted in figure 1.1 below. Fig: 1.1: Distribution Channel for the new RC airplanes Source: (Anderson James 1990) Prior research to adoption of pricing policy According to Aaker (1999), good policies are vital for the attainment of progress in both economic and social spheres. Price policy formulation; thus, is central to success of any business enterprise and more often the quality of price policies formed is depended on the capacity of the marketing team in the business and the strategies employed by the team (Frank 1998; Boone Kurtz 2011). Before making any price policies, it is important for the firm to carry out research on the factors affecting pricing; both internal and external. Furthermore, the pricing policy should compare all the available prici ng options and result in an acceptable price level range for the product (Uva 2001). Anderson and James (1990), note that performing prior research to determine most appropriate pricing strategies is important as the knowledge acquired can be used in assigning the best price markups for the products. To achieve an acceptable pricing policy, it is important for the marketing team to carry out prior research in the following areas;Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing price policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More on the mix of products they intend to offer in the market, this is important because it limits or broadens the pricing strategies options available for the business to exploit; market research to be able to determine the target market and the best possible pricing goals and strategies for the targeted market demographics; the best method of distribution or channel of distributions of products ultimatel y impacts on the pricing strategies, for example, direct sales grants the producer more control over the product in terms of pricing, or displays as opposed to wholesale; research should be done on the approximate life cycle of each product since the life cycle of the product determines the quantity to produce at a particular time. For example, goods with estimated short life cycles require that they are produced in massive quantities to be able to generate bigger profit margins, while those with estimated long life cycles gives the producer time to attain their pricing objectives; policies such as government regulatory policies that may impose price regulations on your product by limiting the maximum prices that can be charged for the product; finally, the company ought to carry out prior research on the anticipated product demand. For example, projected high demands means that the consumers will highly unlikely be concerned with price of the product thus the producer has more flex ibility in choosing an appropriate pricing strategy (Uva 2001; NetMBA 2005). Pricing objective The pricing objective to be adopted by the company for the new RC airplanes will be quantity maximization since the company’s main mission is to become a leader in terms of market share amongst companies producing RC aircrafts. Consequently, the pricing objective of the company seeks to maximize the number of the new models of RC airplanes sold (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Pricing strategies According to Kotler (2003), several pricing strategies exist for companies to choose from, however, some of these pricing strategies only work well with certain pricing objectives. Uva (2001) advises that a careful selection ought to be done by business managers when choosing a pricing objective as the choice of appropriate pricing strategies depends on the selected pricing objective. Moreover, each pricing objective works well with a particular set of pricing strategies (Figure 2.2). Finall y, it has been noted (Doyle 2000) that different pricing strategies can be successfully applied at different times to fit the changing market strategies, product life cycles, and market conditions. Figure 2.2: Pricing objective and strategies From figure 2.2 above, it can be noted that owing to the pricing objective of the company; quantity maximization, the best marketing strategies would be as follows: (1)Multiple pricing; (2) Good, better, best pricing; (3) Loss leader pricing; (4) penetration pricing; and (5) product bundle pricing (Uva 2001; Doyle 2002). Multiple pricing: aims at luring customers to make large purchases by offering slight discounts to customers who buy goods in large quantities. The prices of single items are slightly higher to those that purchased in bulk (Boone Kurtz 2011). For example, buying one new RC airplane will cost the customer approximately $ 85; the customer will be required to pay $ 165 for two RC airplanes. As a result, the customers will feel that they are getting discount for buying two items since $ 82.5 (165à ·2) is $ 2.5 less than $ 85.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, $ 82.5 is the price that the company would be charging for each new RC airplane if the company was not employing the multiple pricing strategies. The strategy will be able to generate more profit for the company by increasing the quantity of items sold, as well as through increasing prices for customers who purchase one item. Practically, the strategy penalizes the customer for purchasing one item since the price is typically set higher than it will cost; that is at $ 85 instead of $ 82.5. Good, better, best pricing: this is a pricing strategy in which the price of the same item increases with slight changes that are made to the product, for example, changes in packaging. The price can be offered in a series of three formats with the price of each series rising above the price of the previous series (Doyle 2002). The goods that are priced at ‘better† price and those that are priced at â€Å"best† price require more attention from the producer than those w ithâ€Å"good† price; however, the higher prices charged for them are worth the extra effort (Achrol 1997; Day Liam 1988). For example, the new RC can be categorized into those that are very heavy, slow, and noisy as being â€Å"good† price, while those that are less heavy, fast, and produce relatively low noise as â€Å"better† price and those that are light, faster, and have noise minimization capabilities as being priced at â€Å"best† prices. Loss leader pricing: in this strategy, the customers are enticed into visiting the shop that deals with different product or parts by reducing the price of one item. This is done with the hope that when customers visit the shop to make purchase of the cheaper item they may also buy other items (Alderson 1937). For example, in applying this strategy to the pricing of the new RC airplanes, the company will use other accessories such as the RC airplane battery as the loss leader product, thus customers who come to buy the RC airplane batteries may end up buying other accessories or even purchase a new model of the RC airplane. Penetration pricing: this is a strategy that is employed by business enterprises that want to break into a new market or segment of the market that is not previously served by the business. The main objective of the penetration pricing strategy is to attract and increase the market share of the product (Day Liam 1988). Therefore, applying the penetration pricing strategy requires that the business reduces the prices to a certain minimum in order to attract customers; however, this price must be increased once the management is satisfied that the objective has been attained as this strategy initially reduces profit margins significantly (Urbany 2001). For example, if the market research indicated that the competitors sold their RC aircrafts for $ 83 to $ 99, then the company will have to sell the new RC airplane models for about $ 80 in order to attract customers since there are already several other RC airplane sellers in the market and the company is new. This will be done for six months after which there will be a price review upwards as the price of $ 80 covers the production cost but it is the lowest of the market range. This pricing strategy achieves the objective of the quantity maximization by increasing number of items sold at low prices. At the same, the strategy can help in revenue maximization that results from the large numbers of purchases made (Whitefield, 1994). Product bundle pricing: this pricing strategy is applied when the producer wants to get rid of overstock or sell complementary products. The products are bundled together and the customer who buys the new item can get an older or complimentary good for less (Day Liam 1988; Doyle 2002). In respect to the new RC airplane models, the company may decide to sell the older versions or accessories that are compatible with the new models in bundles at lower prices. Product bundlin g will help the company achieve its objective by making it possible to sell items that might have not been sold. Procedure for price calculation In calculating the unit cost of the new RC airplane models, the company will apply the Conjoint Analysis (Curry 1996), which is a marketing research tool that is used to determine attributes the new product and how the new features affect the price of the new product. The choice to use conjoint analysis is supported by the fact that it is flexible and less expensive to carry out than concept testing (Trout 1998; Nagle Holden 2001; Rhim Cooper 2005). Suppose the company intended to produce sets of new RC airplanes, from the users’ perspective and experience, the new sets will be affected by some important product features, for example, speed, average plane life, and price. Table 1: Attributes of new RC airplane Average Speed Average plane life Price 80Km/hr 60 falls $ 82.5 70Km/hr 50 falls $ 85.0 60Km/hr 35 falls $ 90.0 From table 1, it clear that the markets â€Å"ideal† RC airplane is the one that has a speed of 80Km/hr, an average life of 60 falls, and is less expensive costing $ 82.5. However, from a manufacturing perspective the â€Å"ideal† new RC airplane is that which has a speed of 60Km/hr, has shorter life cycle of 35 falls, and cost more at $ 90 assuming that it cost less to manufacture RC airplanes that are slow and have shorter life cycles. Ranking the features conjointly between two buyers Table 2: Buyer 1 Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr 1 3 6 70Km/hr 2 5 8 60Km/hr 4 7 9 Table 3: Buyer 2 Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr 1 2 4 70Km/hr 3 5 6 60Km/hr 7 8 9 From table 2 and 3 the buyers tend to agree on the least preferred feature of the plane, but, buyer one tends to tradeoff average speed to ball life while buyer two makes an opposite tradeoff. Next is to figure out a set of values that when summed up produces buyer one’s rank as shown in table 3. Table 3: Set of values that produce buyer’s preferences Average RC airplane life 60 falls (90) 50 falls (50) 35 falls (0) Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr (60) 1(150) 3(110) 6(60) 70Km/hr (30) 2(120) 5(80) 8(30) 60Km/hr(0) 4(90) 7(50) 9(0) Suppose table 4 represents the tradeoffs buyer one buyer one is willing to make between price and average airplane life: Table 4a Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Price $ 82.5 1 4 7 $ 85 2 5 8 $ 90 3 6 9 Table 4b Average RC airplane life 60 falls (90) 50 falls (50) 35 falls (0) Price $ 82.5 (10) 1(100) 4(60) 7(10) $ 85 (5) 2(95) 5(55) 8(5) $ 90 (0) 3(90) 6(50) 9(0) From the analysis the company then ends up with a set of complete values known as utilities that capture buyer 1’s tradeoffs a shown in table five below. Table 5: Buyer 1 tradeoffs Average Maximum Speed Average RC airplane life Price 80Km/hr 60 60 falls 90 $ 82.5 10 70Km/hr 30 50 falls 50 $ 85 5 60Km/hr 0 35 falls 0 $ 90 0 The company will use the table above in calculating the price of the RC airplane to produce as follows: suppose the company intends to produce two models of RC airplane as show in table 6. Table 6 Speed RC airplane Long life RC airplane Speed 80Km/hr 70Km/hr Life cycle 50 falls 60 falls Price $ 85 $ 90 Then, the values for buyer one in table 5 when summed up provides the estimate of the buyer’s preferences as shown below in table 7. Table 7 Speed RC airplane Long life RC airplane Speed 80Km/hr 60 70Km/hr 30 Life cycle 50 falls 50 60 falls 90 Price $ 85 5 $ 90 0 Total utility 115 120 From table 7, it can be concluded that the customer is likely to prefer long life RC airplane over the faster model because it has the highest amount of utility. The company should produce life RC airplanes and sell them at about $ 90 per item. Due to multitude and complexity of factors involved in determining the price of products, assembling relevant information on the market conditions will determine the long term price changes. However, the short term price policies are tactical in nature as they endeavor to realize short term business objectives, and will be employed in relation to the goal they are intended to achieve. List of References Aaker, D A 1999, Managing brand equity: capitalizing on the value of a brand name, The Free Press, New York. Achrol, RS 1997, â€Å"Changes in the theory of inter-organizational relations in marketing: toward a network paradigm†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 56-71. Alderson, W 1937, â€Å"A Marketing view of competition†, Journal of Marketing, vol.1, pp.189-190 Anderson, J C James, A N 1990, â€Å"A Model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships†, Journal of Marketing, vol.54, pp. 42-58. Boone , LE Kurtz DL 2011, Contemporary marketing, Cengage Learning, Belmont CA Curry J 1996, Understanding conjoint analysis in 15 minutes: Quirk’s Marketing Research Review, Sawtooth Technologies, Inc. Day, G S Liam F 1988, â€Å"Valuing market strategies†, Journal of Marketing, vol.2, pp. 45-57 Doyle, P 2000, Value based marketing: marketing strategies for corporate growth and shareholder value, Wiley, Chichester. Doyle, P 2002, Marketing management strategy, Prentice Hall, Harlow Frank, G 1998, Cost of production versus cost of production, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Giddens, NJ, Parcell, Brees M 2005, Selecting an appropriate pricing strategy, viewed on https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/ Kotler, P 1997, Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kotler, P 2003, Marketing management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Nagle, T Holden, R 2001, The strategy and tactics of pricing, Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. NetMBA 2005, Pricing strategy, viewed on netmba.com/marketing/pricing/ Rhim, H Cooper, LG 2005, â€Å"Assessing potential threats to incumbent brands: new product positioning under price competition in a multi segmented markets,† International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.159-182. Trout, J 1998, â€Å"Prices: simple guidelines to get them right,† Journal of Business Strategy, vol. 22, pp. 13-16. Urbany, JE 2001, â€Å"Are your prices too low?† Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 26-28. Uva, W L 2001, Smart pricing strategies, Department of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca. Whitefield, J 1994, Conflicts in construction: Avoiding, managing, resolving, MacMillan, New York.

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