Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Relationship of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Presentation The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand with the marking of the ASEAN Declaration in Bangkok. ASEANs destinations were to quicken the financial development, social advancement and social improvement in the locale. To advance provincial harmony and steadiness, dynamic coordinated effort and shared help on issues of normal enthusiasm for the monetary, social, social, specialized, logical and regulatory fields. ASEAN was accordingly extended throughout the years to incorporate Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia making up the ten part conditions of ASEAN today. Regardless of the development, the destinations and working standards of ASEAN have stayed unaltered consistently. The ASEAN method of casual systems administration had been viable in making a durable, tranquil and monetarily effective ASEAN alliance. This exposition will address the subject of ASEANs pertinence to soundness, security and thriving of Southeast Asia in three sections. Initially, the exposition will endeavor to inspect the force adjusting job of US in Southeast Asia. Besides, the exposition will investigate the conditions under which ASEAN was made to outline how ASEANs destinations are lined up with steadiness, security and thriving of Southeast Asia. Finally, this article will investigate in more profundity how ASEAN stays fundamental to the steadiness, security and thriving of Southeast Asia. The paper will at that point finish up why the understanding of MM Lees words isn't precise in ebb and flow setting and why ASEAN isn't only an enhancement to the force adjusting pretended by the US. Force Balancing Role of US in Southeast Asia The vital nearness of US in Southeast Asia has not forestalled USs partners and accomplices in the locale from low-power clashes and non-conventional dangers. For instance, there is as yet a high episode pace of theft exercises in the Malacca waterways, Singapore waterways and South China Sea. The key nearness of the US has additionally not given any security to the states in Southeast Asia from the assault by psychological oppressor gatherings. Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia had all succumbed to fear based oppressor bombarding, not once, yet on a few events. The assaults may even be activated by the nearby ties among US and the states in Southeast Asia. The psychological oppressor would have see the states as being professional US in this way turned into an objective for the fear based oppressor gatherings. The third Indochina War was formally concluded with the October 1991 understandings at the Paris Conference (PICC). With the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the territorial job of the US is done being molded by the American Cold War objectives in Southeast Asia. Stimuli for the Founding of ASEAN Most Southeast Asian states, less Thailand, achieved political freedom following quite a while of remote control and colonization after the finish of World War II. In that capacity, country building was the essential focal point of ASEAN during its initial long periods of development. Moreover, framing a territorial association could fill the force vacuum left by the significant forces, which utilized the locale for intermediary wars and significant force competition. ASEAN gave a stage to the recently autonomous states to amass in their country building and monetary turn of events. ASEAN was along these lines framed to make a serene and stable condition for country building and development among the Southeast Asian states. In spite of the desire for harmony and solidness, the world during the 1960s time was entangled in the war against socialism. Socialist danger to existing governments around then was extreme. The locale was overpowered with socialist revolts and there were inevitable threat of socialism spreading across Southeast Asia. Monetary development, a way to forestall the spread of socialism was in this way another significant goal for the arrangement of ASEAN. Albeit Southeast Asia confronted a shared adversary, doubts and doubt brought about by Konfrontasi, the Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation was common among the part states. With the change in political administration in Indonesia in 1966 with Suhartos substitution of Sukarno as Indonesias President, this spells the finish of Sukarno system and the finish of Konfrontasi. It was likewise the start of Suhartos New Order system and Good Neighbor strategy. So as to accomplish harmony and solidness in the district, it was critical to initially reestablish certainty and console Southeast Asia of Indonesias serene aims. Subsequently, ASEAN was framed under the guideline of non-impedance in every others household issues to make a lenient domain for individuals to draw in without doubt and questions. Given the above conditions, ASEAN was framed with the targets to advance territorial harmony and dependability, co-activity, financial turn of events, and creating social and social advancement. Guard course of action, for example, SEATO was intentionally kept away from to forestall being viewed as excessively star Western and inciting to Vietnam. ASEANs Achievements It has been four decades since ASEAN was established. The accomplishments of ASEAN can't be minimized, for the way that ASEAN is the unrivaled lasting territorial relationship in Asia. Dependability of Southeast Asia ASEAN had given the structure to territorial strength. The ASEAN Way of doing things had demonstrated its quality dependent on how far ASEAN have came since its establishing. The particular highlights of ASEAN Way are: casual procedure of communication, casualness, calm strategy, exchange and interview, patience, adaptable agreement, most reduced shared element accentuation, strife evasion. They likewise regard every others National sway, regional trustworthiness, non-utilization of power and so on standard Intl Relations standards. Their method of activities is process-orientated and organize based model of co-activity that keeps away from bureaucratic courses of action. The Treaty of Amity and Co-activity in Southeast Asia (TAC) was marked by the part conditions of ASEAN in Feb 1976. The reason for this Treaty is to advance interminable harmony, everlasting friendship and co-activity among their people groups which would add to their quality, solidarity and closer relationship. This bargain has seen a developing number of nations outside Southeast Asia tolerating it. In 2004, four additional nations consented to the arrangement, in particular, Japan, Pakistan, Republic of Korea and Russia. The ASEAN Social and Cultural Community (ASCC) was structure to accomplish a socially durable and caring ASEAN. It is planned to encourage co-activity in tending to a get pack of social and social issues related with rustic neediness, populace development, joblessness, HR improvement, training, condition, and wellbeing. A case of the degree of co-activity the part states have can be found in the occurrence of SARs episode in Asia. ASEAN has been proactive in looking to contain irresistible maladies, which know no fringe. During the flare-up, an extraordinary ASEAN Leaders Meeting in Bangkok was brought in Apr 2003; the ASEAN heads of government ordered a complete provincial reaction to the danger presented by the malady, the spread of which was unleashing destruction on their economies. Despite the fact that the genuine activity of battling the spread of the illness tumbled to the general wellbeing authorities of the states, the coordination of allots was conveyed at the wellbeing clergyman level of the ASEAN +3. Another model is the Singapore-Malaysia disagreement about Pedra Branca islands. The two nations made a case for the Pedra Branca islands in spite of the fact that Singapore had been the caretaker of the Horsburg Lighthouse arranged on the island all through the only remaining century. The question couldn't be settled inside ASEAN; be that as it may, both Singapore and Malaysia had consented to carry it to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2007. This question reached a conclusion with the ICJ administering sway of Pedra Branca to Singapore and that of Middle Rocks to Malaysia. ASEAN likewise figure out how to determine the Cambodian emergency during the 1980s through the ASEAN-Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN-PMC) which accepted its flow structure when the US, Canada and Japan participated in 1978. Security of Southeast Asia TheZone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN)declaration was marked in 1971 by the Foreign Ministers of theASEANmember states (Indonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand). In the assertion, the gatherings freely expressed their expectation to keepSouth East Asiafree from any structure or way of obstruction by outside Powers and expand the territories of co-activity. The ASEAN Regional Forum was framed in 1994 with the target of advancing harmony and security through exchange and co-activity in the Asia Pacific. It is significant that ARF keep on assuming its job in the political and security discourse just as certainty building. TheSoutheast AsianNuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneTreaty(SEANWFZ) of 1995, orBangkok Treaty, is anuclear weapons ban bargain between 10 Asian part states under the sponsorship of theASEAN. It went into power on March 28, 1997 and obliges its individuals not to create, make or in any case gain, have or have authority over atomic weapon. This is vital to both certainty working in Southeast Asia and to overall atomic demilitarization. Vietnam has joined ASEAN in 1995 and the ARF, and the long late standardization of relations between the US and Vietnam has at last occurred, affected by ASEAN. The Vientiane Action Program (VAP) received at the tenth ASEAN Summit contained a few measures to control ASEANs exertion in countering fear based oppression from 2005 2010. These measures structure the preliminary strides to the foundation of an ASEAN Extradition Treaty as visualized by the ASEAN Security Community (ASC) Plan of Action. Flourishing of Southeast Asia One of the principle goals of ASEAN is to improve financial turn of events. ASEAN has since haggled for Free-Trade Agreements (FTA) with different exchange accomplices of ASEAN. The FTAs were set up with Australi

Management and Business Practices of Australian Super Market

Question: Examine about the Management and Business Practices of Australian Super Market. Answer: Presentation: Proposal Statement: Basic evaluation of the business practice of Australian Super effects upon the viable business manages the customers of the association in order to expand the quantity of enrollment along these lines contributing more prominent number of assets in the Australian economy. The accompanying article will examine the business and the board rehearses in Australian Super, an association that handles the superannuation support for the Australian individuals. Australian Super is a non-benefit association and it is perhaps the biggest firm in the nation as far as superannuation subsidizing the executives. Strategic approaches are the arrangement of rules, techniques and procedure utilized as well as sought after by the associations so as to build up the capacity of business exhibitions. Strategic approaches can be known as the aggregate conduct of people who take an interest inside a similar association. Since the idea is about community cooperation, Australian Super can be viewed as the most productive and adept case of such practices. Be that as it may, the report carefully centers around the HPWP framework actualized in Australian Super. Conversation: Foundation of the Organization: Australian Super is an obsolete and benefits support that has in excess of 2,000,000 direct individuals everywhere throughout the nation along these lines getting one of the biggest business assets in Australia. The aggregate sum of benefits oversaw by Australian Super is more than $100 (AUD) billion. It has without a doubt gotten one of the biggest venture assets on the planet. A fundamental standard of the organization is to benefit just the individuals. The reserve is controlled by MySuper authority. It doesn't deliver benefits and profits to the investors. This is a non-benefit association drove by its CEO Ian Silk. As indicated by PA Murray (2014), hierarchical structure of an organization benefit or non-benefit affirms the method of business practice of it. It has the office and simplicity of professional interactions that has been essentially from the time of mechanical endeavor in the European nations. Nonetheless, the idea of authoritative structure has gotten very extraordinary and imaginative. Despite the fact that the case association doesn't have any colleagues it has its outer just as inner partners spread in the nation. the significant investors of the organization bar the individuals from ACTU (Australian Council of Trade Union). The investors are associated with the association through Australian Council of Trade Union Super Share Holding Pty Ltd. since there is a solid back up from ACTU; the association has less hazard in breakage of the subsidizing economy. There are various gatherings of the association that control the administration as per their organization. The corporate assistance gathering of the association deal with bookkeeping, cost and income examination, danger of big business and consistence the board. The gathering additionally directs the new individuals during subsidizing dangers and review obligations. The participation bunch attempts to produce subsidizing extension for the resigned or working Australians. The open doors contain tenders, working associations and vital organization. The enrollment bunch follows four surges of working. These are Growth, Growth Effectiveness, Business Partnerships and Product. Methodology and People association gathering of the association assumes the liability of doing appropriate business techniques in different divisions, for example, Information Technology, Project Management and Strategy Analysis The clients relationship bunch performs everyday conveyance of administration to the individuals from the store. This gathering likewise reinforces the connection between the outer individuals from the association with the inside ones to make a scaffold of correspondence. The marking bunch is answerable for commercial and marking of the new subsidizing strategies just as the limited time exercises of the association in the Australian market. The fundamental duties of the gathering comprises of research of the market, open connection and battling. Another group is conveyed to deal with the superannuation commitment of 2,000,000 individuals from the association. They are answerable for dealing with the whole bookkeeping of $100 million (AUD). Since the center action of the association endless supply of the individuals, the group is conveyed to cause the individuals to comprehend distinctive venture designs that should be advantageous for them. Speculation group is the most dynamic one in the association as the group does the center action of Australian Super (AustralianSuper - Our business, 2017). Australian super pulls in the abilities and offers an incentive to the most skillful individuals in the business. A model can be sited through the enrollment of Andrew bread cook as the assets new head of Proposition and Product. Best working individual from the reserve is the outsourcing gathering. Australian Super has been offering some incentive to the quantity of specialists who are employed by the associations. There are distinctive working kinds in the associations that are successfully impacting whole advertising and limited time exercises of Australian super. Incentive isn't just identified with the representative determination however it likewise identified with the successful systems utilized so as to improve participations. The made an incentive for the organization contains return of unrivaled speculation, economical protection, protection moderateness, free money related exhortation, administration of training for the individuals, life time backing to the individuals, promotion and suggestion in the interest of the individuals, etc. Offer of Australian Super relies upon the assets conviction and target that is to upgrade and facilitate the life of a great many Australians who appreciate superannuation after retirement. This is to make sure about the life of them and flow their cash in more extensive market. (AustralianSuper - What Is Freelancing The Freelance Economy, 2017) Australian Super has planned its code of behaviors so as to guarantee the act of understanding the estimation of the individuals: perceiving and overseeing irreco ncilable situations, shielding uprightness in the work environment, corporate duty and maintainability, etc. Offer is set to improve the exhibition level of the representatives through setting HPWP (High Performance Work Practice). Elite Work Practices (HPWPs) are the administration systems for the representatives so as to expand the degree of profitability and benefit of an organization or an association. On the off chance that appropriate methodologies and strategies are utilized in an orderly manner, it builds the competency and commitment of the representatives. Elite Work Practices in this manner improve the nature of work culture, construct the trust of the customers or the client upon the associations as an outcome duplicates benefit. Followings are the substance of High Performance Work Practices (HPWPs) that are the key standards: Reasonable Job Reviews Usage of Psychometric and Validated Employee choice instruments Representative on-boarding Strategy Ceaseless Mentoring and Leadership advancement Tactics Making SMART objectives Adaptable Job Specification In-house critical thinking Ability Based Pay In-house Knowledge Management System Advancement Programs There are three fundamental parts of High Performance Work Practices (HPWP). These are the psychological perspective, the enthusiastic angle and the social viewpoint. Three of the parts of HPWPs are engaged so as to bring improvement among the representatives with the goal that their work execution can carry benefit to the organization. Notwithstanding, Australian Super isn't a benefit association. Thus, the essential execution level of the representatives is checked through rising enthusiasm of the part (Employee Value Proposition-Australian Super, 2017). In spite of the fact that the association runs non-benefit business, it has distinctive way to deal with the market economy of Australia. It runs on the flow of cash contributed by the individuals. Consequently, client relationship is appropriately cared for. The CRM group is capable to reach to the more prominent number of intrigued clients typifying to build the quantity of individuals in the nation. The association focuses on the resigned individuals in order to ensure that their superannuation plan makes sure about their future. SWOT:: End: Australian super is the significant financing association in the nation that handles the superannuation store of more than $100 million. The SWOT investigation of the association unmistakably shows the business setting of it while offering administration to the individuals. The group the board of the organization can become quicker with the progression of changing business sector economy. References: AustralianSuper - Building provider connections in business. (2017). Australiansuper.com. Recovered 14 April 2017, from https://www.australiansuper.com/instruments and-assets/blog/2016/11/building-provider connections in-business.aspx AustralianSuper - Our business. (2017). Australiansuper.com. Recovered 14 April 2017, from https://www.australiansuper.com/about-us/vocations/our-business.aspx AustralianSuper - What Is Freelancing The Freelance Economy. (2017). Australiansuper.com. Recovered 14 April 2017, from https://www.australiansuper.com/instruments and-assets/blog/2016/10/how-an adaptable work environment drives-representative engagement.aspx Worker Value Proposition-Australian Super. (2017). Australiansuper.com. Farrell, S., Allan, M. (2016). New principles of engagement.Superfunds Magazine, (418), 44. https://www.australiansuper.com/~/media/Files/Adviser%20services/MasterSuper%20Employee%20Plan_Product%20Disclosure%20Statement.ashx

HOW TO Get Logoless YouTube Player

HOW TO Get Logoless YouTube Player Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HOW TO: Get Logoless YouTube PlayerUpdated On 07/10/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : YouTubeShort URL : http://hbb.me/Y7r9MF CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogNow YouTube provides us the option to remove their cute branding logo in the control bar of the YouTube video player. You just need to make a minor change.At the end of the video URL in your embed code, just add the code ?modestbranding=1 and the player will show without the YouTube logo in the control bar.iframe width=620 height=370 src=http://www.youtube.com/embed/oFTfAdauCOo?modestbranding=1 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen/iframeBelow I have embedded Cars 2 Trailer from Disney Pixar Without and With Logo.YouTube Video Player Without LogoYouTube Video Player With LogoThough they have the option to remove the logo, still there will be a small YouTube text label which will show up in the upper-right corner of a paused video when you hover over the player.READ7 Reasons Why One Should Start Blogging

My Maturing Sequence Of The Age Of 12 And Like Most Other Boy

At the age of 12 and like most other boy, my maturing sequence was started and it changed my life. My voice cracked and got deeper, I grew hair on my chest, my legs, and places that I did not expect to have hair when I was young. In 2009, all these things were happen to me except an important one: feelings for girls. At first, it did not bother me that much because I supposed my mentality would not be affected by puberty. But at time went on and seeing all of my friends have girlfriends, I decided to get one too but shocked after I found out that I fixated to guys instead of girls. I went to bed with my mind spinning around guys and eventually had an erection in the morning, I started to get confused and really worried about my feeling but†¦show more content†¦I began to hate myself and late at night, I would pray to God to get rid of my homosexuality even though I wasn t Christian. Growing up surrounded by computers and internet, it was not hard to found an articles in soci al media bashing homosexual people about being gay is morally wrong, a sin, and evil. To ease my worry and to ensure that I was not gay, I began to dated girl. In my 8th grade, I found a girl whose personality that I really liked and I even convinced myself that I like them enough to have a long term relationships and could even lead a â€Å" normal† life with. It turned out to be self deceiving. I later admitted that I did not have any feelings for her and I eventually ended my relationship. So as my first attempted to be â€Å"straight† failed, I decided to try it again in high school. In high school, I started to hang out with a group of guys who I really like. We talked about stuff that guys usually enjoyed like sports, video games,... and we all had a good time with each other. But things start to change as when I was in 10th grade, the boys in our groups starts dating girls. Those guys probably really happy about their relationships because I recalled them often staring at their phone text-ting all the time. At one time, I told them I did not find girls attractive and they quickly jumped to conclusion that I was gay. I quickly denied that saying I was asexual but it seemed like they did not believe me in the

Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1912 Words

Abstract The onslaught of homosexuality legalization movements and initiatives has presented the society with a barrage of questions – dilemmas, even – regarding its moral and political sides. Legalization of same-sex marriage is a highly divisive issue and often pits former friends, neighbors and even relatives against each other. Whereas some people believe that same-sex marriage is an unnatural and unhealthy phenomenon, activists exhorting its legalization hold fast to the opposite opinion. The groundswell of opinion in the US is in favor of gay marriage and 37 states have already enshrined it in law. In most countries around the world, however, just the opposite is true. What is more appalling, homosexuality is punishable by death in several Middle Eastern countries. Even in the US, not all people accept the spread of gay marriage across the country with tacit acquiescence. Indeed, just as homosexuals and their supporters stage gay pride parades, the naysayers, too, eddy int o the streets to protests against the spread of what they often call â€Å"the new bubonic plague†. Taking an unprejudiced approach to the issue, this paper has analyzed arguments both in favor and against legalization of same-sex marriage. Many opponents of gay marriage remonstrate against any idea of its legalization, because homosexuals, they say, are far too incompetent to bring up children. Furthermore, they opine that homosexual parents are a menace to children. Also, opponents of same-sex marriageShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. 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The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marry

Being A Transfer Student From The Uw Green Bay Essay

Being a transfer student from the UW-Green Bay, I honestly did not know what to expect from UW-Whitewater’s accounting program. The instant I heard that there was an internship program I knew that I had to be a part of it. One of the main goals of going to college is to land a job after graduation. The internship program seemed like the greatest way to get experience in the accounting, while building a relationship with a firm that may lead to a full-time offer. From start to finish the whole process was a lot of work, but in the end, I knew it would all be worth it. To sign up for the internship program we were required to attend two mandatory meetings that would explain the processes and requirements for the program. I was able to make it to the first meeting just fine, but was unable to make it to the second meeting because of a scheduling conflict. Although I was unable to attend the second meeting, Bill and I were able to schedule a new appointment so that I could still b e eligible to participate in the program. After joining the program, we were told that multiple firms would be contacting us early in the summer to inform us of certain events they would be holding that would allow us to get to know them better. When the summer came my inbox filled up with numerous emails explaining the dates and time for certain firm visits and socials. I RSVP’d to as many firm visits as I could, but some firm’s dates conflicted with one another so I had to choose what event I wouldShow MoreRelatedApplication Essay Sample892 Words   |  4 PagesThedaCare’s School of Radiologic Technology, my first choice of a hospital-based program, offers students a concentration of courses and an array of learning opportunities. With a 100% pass rate in the past 50 years and a rank in the top ten in the nation for boards, I am honored to submit my application to the ThedaCare’s School of Radiologic Technology Program. From the school visit at Univers ity of Wisconsin – Oshkosh, I was impressed with ThedaCare’s in-depth program explanation, notably the

Sustainable Development Goal Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write an Essay on Sustainable Development Goal. Answer: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is an important health issue and one of the measures of womens health. It is an indicative of a countrys healthcare system functioning and performance. Several international conferences have tried to include the goal of reduction of the maternal mortality rate across the world. However, the monitoring of the progress is difficult in this context and plans for the development. It is difficult in developing countries like Middle East and North Africa where there is weak healthcare systems and poor health information (Kassebaum et al., 2014). Maternal mortality rate in Middle East and North Africa has declined significantly from 1990 to 2015. It has declined by around two-thirds over the years. The country is working towards the achievement of the target 1 of sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 to reduce the maternal mortality rate ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. The MMR rate per 100, 000 live births has halved since 1990 to 2015 from 166 to 81 and the proportion of mothers who die during childbirth have reduced significantly (Wang et al., 2014). There is improvement of women reproductive health that not only provides benefit to the family and the children, but, also helps in the progress of the countrys economic and social development. Therefore, in this essay, I will demonstrate that Middle East and North Africa is likely to achieve a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births because the MMR have significantly decreased from 166 to 81 from 1990 to 2015. Under the SDG 3 Good Health and Well Being, the challenge is to ensure health lives and works to promote the well-being among all the people at all ages. Its main aim is to increase the life expectancy and reduce the common health issues that are associated with the maternal mortality rate and child (Ordunez Campbell, 2016). Poor health status constitutes the deprivation and suffering that have a detrimental effect on the well-being of the people. Under the Goal 3.1 of SDG, the United Nations target to tackle health inequality formed on an international health agenda. Under this goal of 3.1, it is aimed at reducing the maternal mortality rate to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 globally. Globally, the MMR has significantly declined to 2.3 % between the years 1990 to 2015 (Kuruvilla et al., 2016). This statistics pave a way to possibility to accelerate the reduction of MMR and eventually, the countries are working towards a new target to reduce the MMR even further. Women in developing countries have a lifetime death risk due to pregnancy that leads to death due to severe complications like bleeding and infections after childbirth, delivery complications and unsafe abortion. The women who give birth below the age of 15 are likely to face childbirth related complications and are at a greater risk of death from the pregnancy. Though the health care facilities have improved in Middle East and North Africa, the percentage of skilled attendants due the delivery is less and poor access to health treatments for the life-threatening conditions that occur during pregnancy. However, MMR have reduced more than 90%, still, there is more scope for development and progress towards this goal. Arguably, according to Say et al., (2014) Middle East and North Africa have made impressive progress; however, the progress is slow in reducing the MMR and in the achievement of the target. Therefore, through the Goal 3, Middle East and North Africa and international comm unity, SDG have committed to make the global effort to strengthen the healthcare system, treatment facilities, eradicate disease and address the major health issues. It also calls to reduce the MMR rates to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 by putting an end to preventable deaths of the newborns and mothers (Murray et al., 2014). Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had undergone many historical changes that led to the high MMR in the country. The economic issues and bombarding population in the past have led to the increase in the MMR in the current scenario. The country suffered an economic crisis in the past thirty years. Despite of undertaking of many economic reforms by the country, there is weak performance in terms of growth that links to the poor healthcare systems, employment generation and global economy to ensure health equity among the public (Ncube, Anyanwu Hausken, 2014). Historically, the country was greatly dependent on the oil wealth and then during the year 1970, MENA region failed to generate sustained and high growth rate and unable to reap the benefits of world economic integration and globalization. Moreover, the country suffered high record of unemployment that led to the decrease in the working population in the labour force. However, the country was successful in stabilizing the macro economy in the country. In addition, due to economic instability, there is a low level of gynaecological and obstetric expenditure that provides high quality healthcare facilities to the mothers (Pfstl Kymlicka, 2015). Another issue is the bombarding of the population, although there is decrease in fertility rates over the years since 1990. The economic dependency and demographic challenge leads to a large number of uneducated, unhealthy and unabsorbed people in the labour market. The country is also suffering brain drain and that have large implications on the ratio of economically inactive to active population and low level of women participation (Karam Afiouni, 2014). This leads to decrease in skilled healthcare workers required for providing proper treatment to the mothers and newborns during pregnancy. However, the country is working towards the reduction of MMR that has significantly decreased to 166 to 81 from 1990 to 2015. There are cultural factors that also led to the increase in the MMR. There is a lot of gender inequality in terms of low female literacy linked to maternal mortality rates. However, the country has made progress to reduce the gender gap between the girls and boys in the human development. The men are more likely to attend university and perceive education as compared to women in the country. The young women are vulnerable to unemployment and education and so they are prone to early marriages. The early marriage in the girls before the age of 15 years drastically affect the health and make them susceptible to pregnancy related complications and deaths contributing to an increase in MMRs (Al-Akra, Abdel-Qader Billah, 2016). The health problems prior to pregnancy and obstetric complications pose an implication on the decision-making of the people with respect to preservation of well-being among the women. Literacy is important among the women to address the pregnancy related complicati ons and yield a sustainable reduction in maternal mortality rates (Guazzone, 2016). Peoples attitude towards biomedicine has not yet developed to significant figures. The people of MENA region have a different understanding of the diseases and their causes that affect the healthcare system of the country. There is complexity in the society that is leading to the understanding of the people towards their health. The biomedicine and care is greatly influenced by culture in MENA region and require extensive out-reach to the people through enlightment and communication to reduce the burden of diseases and MMRs (Siddiqi et al., 2016). The structural and behavioural factors like the improvement in medical care, successful family planning, nutrition and changes in the attitude related to fertility rates are some of the factors that influence the quality of life and longevity of the women showing high MMRs. There is unequal access to healthcare facilities in terms of obstetrics and gynaecological facilities. The maternal nutrition during pregnancy determines the health of the mother prior to delivery (Hennekam, Tahssain?Gay Syed, 2017). The successful family planning has also direct implication on the health of the women as early marriage give rise to serious health complications during pregnancy leading to increase in MMR (Gatti et al., 2014). The above discussion shows that there was a high prevalence of increased MMR in the MENA region, however, the country is significantly trying to achieve the SDG Goal 3 to reduce the MMR to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Although, the country has faced many historical, cultural and structural factors that have led to the increase in the MMR in the country, it is significantly working towards the achievement of the SDG Goal 3 to reduce the MMR by 2030 by 70 per 100,000 live births. Social model of health provides a holistic and distinctive definition and understanding of the health that would work beyond the limitations that is related to medical health model. In this model, health is realised from a broader perspective of human experiences and social structures that provides implications fro professional practice (Greene, 2015). The key principles for professional practice would involve addressing of broader social determinants, reduction of social inequalities, empowerment of community and individuals, equal access to healthcare achieved through collaboration (Bircher Kuruvilla, 2014)). To get better birth outcomes and reduction in MMRs, MENA region has adopted a unique intervention is the economic inclusion and gender equality. There have also increased the quality of healthcare with increase in community building that provides the best quality of care in obstetrics and gynaecology in pregnancy complications (Liu et al., 2015). This intervention shows that the country is progressing towards the achievement of SDG goal 3 target of reducing the MMRs to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. The recommendations include the empowerment of the women through education, reduction of the gender inequality in employment and in providing the quality healthcare facilities in obstetrics and gynaecology departments (de Bernis et al., 2016). The country should also work towards economic growth, public spending on health, maternal nutrition and education. The interventions involving behavioural change and providing them information about pregnancy, related risk and arranging of skilled doctors and birth attendants during the labour and delivery (Souza et al., 2013). The prenatal counselling, nutritional interventions and skilled attendance at birth have would help the country to achieve its SDG Goal 3 (Soubeiga et al., 2014). If MENA region works towards the implementation of these successful interventions, it can achieve its goal of SDG and can improve the health of the country. References Al-Akra, M., Abdel-Qader, W., Billah, M. (2016). Internal auditing in the Middle East and North Africa: A literature review.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,26, 13-27. Bircher, J., Kuruvilla, S. (2014). Defining health by addressing individual, social, and environmental determinants: New opportunities for health care and public health.Journal of public health policy,35(3), 363-386. de Bernis, L., Kinney, M. V., Stones, W., ten Hoope-Bender, P., Vivio, D., Leisher, S. H., ... Franco, L. (2016). Stillbirths: ending preventable deaths by 2030.The Lancet,387(10019), 703-716. Gatti, R., Angel-Urdinola, D. F., Silva, J., Bodor, A. (2014).Striving for better jobs: the challenge of informality in the middle east and North Africa. World Bank Publications. Greene, K. (2015). 12 An Integrated Model of Health Disclosure Decision-Making1.Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications, 226. Guazzone, L. (Ed.). (2016).The Middle East in Global Change: The Politics and Economics of Interdependence versus Fragmentation. Springer. Hennekam, S., Tahssain?Gay, L., Syed, J. (2017). Contextualising diversity management in the Middle East and North Africa: a relational perspective.Human Resource Management Journal. Karam, C. M., Afiouni, F. (2014). Localizing women's experiences in academia: multilevel factors at play in the Arab Middle East and North Africa.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(4), 500-538. Kassebaum, N. J., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Coggeshall, M. S., Shackelford, K. A., Steiner, C., Heuton, K. R., ... Templin, T. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 980-1004. Kuruvilla, S., Bustreo, F., Kuo, T., Mishra, C. K., Taylor, K., Fogstad, H., ... Rasanathan, K. (2016). The Global strategy for womens, childrens and adolescents health (20162030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience.Bull World Health Organ,94(5), 398-400. Liu, L., Oza, S., Hogan, D., Perin, J., Rudan, I., Lawn, J. E., ... Black, R. E. (2015). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 200013, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis.The Lancet,385(9966), 430-440. Murray, C. J., Ortblad, K. F., Guinovart, C., Lim, S. S., Wolock, T. M., Roberts, D. A., ... Wang, H. (2014). Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 1005-1070. Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J. C., Hausken, K. (2014). Inequality, economic growth and poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).African Development Review,26(3), 435-453. Ordunez, P., Campbell, N. R. (2016). Beyond the opportunities of SDG 3: the risk for the NCDs agenda.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,4(1), 15-17. Pfstl, E., Kymlicka, W. (2015). Minority politics in the Middle East and North Africa: the prospects for transformative change.Ethnic and Racial Studies,38(14), 2489-2498. Say, L., Chou, D., Gemmill, A., Tunalp, ., Moller, A. B., Daniels, J., ... Alkema, L. (2014). Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis.The Lancet Global Health,2(6), e323-e333. Siddiqi, A., Stoppani, J., Anadon, L. D., Narayanamurti, V. (2016). Scientific Wealth in Middle East and North Africa: Productivity, Indigeneity, and Specialty in 19812013.PloS one,11(11), e0164500. Soubeiga, D., Gauvin, L., Hatem, M. A., Johri, M. (2014). Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 129. Souza, J. P., Glmezoglu, A. M., Vogel, J., Carroli, G., Lumbiganon, P., Qureshi, Z., ... Neves, I. (2013). Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health): a cross-sectional study.The Lancet,381(9879), 1747-1755. Wang, H., Liddell, C. A., Coates, M. M., Mooney, M. D., Levitz, C. E., Schumacher, A. E., ... Sandar, L. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,384(9947), 957-979.

5 effective tips for writing your first book

Writing a book is a dream of many writers and non-writers alike. We all have plenty of ideas in our minds that we want to share with the world. Writing a book acts as a great medium for writers to express their opinions, views and thoughts. Sadly, many writers feel intimidated by the word-count requirements of the book. The idea of writing hundreds of pages regarding few important thoughts in the head can be exhausting. But believe me, it’s not that hard. Quick Links 1. Writing a Book 2. Tips to Write a Book 2.1 Set Realistic Goals 2.2 Plan Your Book 2.3 Writing Space 2.4 Get Early Feedback 2.5 Finishing a Book 3. Conclusion 1. Writing a Book Book writing is a very rewarding and uplifting experience. On one hand it gives you a sense of accomplishment, and on the other hand, it gives your ego a good boost, every time someone talks about your book or introduces you as a book writer. Book writing is nothing similar to writing an essay for fun. But in fact, is something serious that requires deep analysis and long nights of hard work, rivers of blood and sweat to craft a unique representation of the writer's thoughts. In the end, when you look at your book cover and think, â€Å"I wrote it, it’s mine.† That feeling is euphoric. A good book is not the one that just gets published. Yes, I know getting a book published is also hard. But creating a buzz about the book is a different struggle altogether. One of the biggest successes for any book is that the audience is ready to kill to get a copy of your book. Yes, it’s a little too much for beginners to dream of. But you need to set bigger and higher goals for your book so that you can land somewhere under the higher book club. In this article, I will give you amazing tips that you can incorporate in your book writing habit. Needless to say, these tips will change the pattern of your writing, and this will be a good experience. So don’t stop here and keep reading. And you will benefit from this article. Trust me; it’s not one of those unrealistic articles that claim to make you an amazing writer in two weeks. Or the ones that start with a cheesy line of â€Å"Write a book that sells 1500, 000 copies in two days†. Such titles are wrong and extremely misleading that give false hope to readers and are often the number one reason for failure and losing spirit in writing journey. 2. Tips to Write a Book First things first, if you are not an experienced writer or are an aspiring writer, then, note that your first book will be a huge learning experience. So don’t write to gain popularity, write it to learn, to experience a new domain of writing. Simply write for passion. Write to fall in love with the content of your book. Write for the spiritual reward that comes from it. I assure you that if you put effort into it, you can write a book. 2.1 Set Realistic Goals Writing a book of 5000 pages, in the first attempt is not a very realistic goal for most of the writers. Start with small word number. Select the number of the page you want to write. Then know what kind of book you want to write. If it is going to be a topic-based, fiction or academic? Knowing the genre of book is essential for writing a book and setting its goals. Never choose a topic that you are not passionate about. Writing about a certain topic, just because it’s famous, is not going to make your book a success. In book, writing trends don’t matter, only words matter. Yes, if you are passionate about a particular topic then write on it. Otherwise, avoid copying the genre. For example, a writer named Steve Scott started writing stories in the form of short books of around twenty thousand to thirty thousand words around every three weeks, but now this writer makes half-million dollars in a year after writing his 55 books. So don’t lose hope, and remember, slow and steady wins the race. 2.2 Plan your book Planning a book is a fundamental step towards writing. Planning provides you with the outline and gives you clarity in the writing phase. You don’t have to follow the plan 100%, but you can always alter it later, whenever necessary. Write your topic sentence or main argument and then form your book around it. 2.3 Writing Space Everyone has a different way of writing. Some like to change places while others like to write in the same space. But there is no right and wrong way of choosing the writing place. But ideally, it is advised to write in the same place every day when starting a book. Writing on the same place gives you a sense of commitment and feeling of continuity. Always choose a place that is different from your daily activity place. Make this place special and separate. Make sure that no one disturbs you during your writing. Always follow your writing schedule, let no one disturbs you. Continuity is the key to finish your book. 2.4 Get Early Feedback There is nothing more horrible than rewriting a book or changing the content of it. Make sure that you have a few trusted people in your loop that can proofread your work for you. These can be your friends, family members, or cousins. Take help if possible. This way, you will be able to get feedback before completing the book. And will save you from huge trouble. 2.5 Finishing a Book Before starting a book, write some paragraphs or few pages that tell you end goal of your book like how you want your book to look like at the end. After finishing your book, proofread it again and again. Once you are satisfied, read the first expectation paragraph that you wrote for your book. Then compare what you have written to what you aimed for at the end. This will give you insight about the requirements that you have fulfilled and the requirements that you still need to incorporate in your book. 3. Conclusion There is nothing wrong in taking inspiration from the other writers and their work. But make sure that you don’t copy there work. Or take help from an essay writer available on several essay writing services for help and guidance. We are here for you as well. Click on the chat option to talk to our support representative for further guidance. Even if your book doesn’t get approved by the publisher, keep writing! As no one has ever become a book writer in a single attempt or a day.

Developing price policy

Developing price policy Introduction Pricing of products and services is of fundamental importance in the four elements of marketing mix that generates profit for business enterprises. According to Boone and Kurtz (2011), the factors that influence the price of commodities and services can be categorized as external and internal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing price policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pricing thus, is more than just simple calculations of the cost of production and setting up a markup (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Consequently, pricing policy becomes a major component of enterprise marketing plan, which is part of the whole business plan (Boone Kurtz 2011). Moreover, pricing policy ultimately affects the other marketing mix elements of the product which in turn, impact on how the product is viewed by consumers and purchase decisions (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Target market segment The target segment is a part of consumers that can be optimally served by the company’s projected and existing capacities at a profit. The introduction of more efficient technologies has enabled construction of lighter, less expensive, and more powerful radio and aircraft systems (Doyle 2002). As a result, there has been a global rise in the hobby of flying RC airplanes and the application of such airplanes in the military and scientific research organizations. The target market for the new RC airplane will be individual users, research stations, governments, and military units. However, it is worth noting that each of the target users mentioned is unique and requires different marketing and pricing strategies that can be adjusted in accordance to prevailing market conditions (Kotler 1997). Channel of distribution The sole objective of every business enterprise is to make profit by selling their commodities and services to consumers or ultimate users. In order for the producer of the commoditie s to achieve this objective, they must ensure that the goods they produce reach the consumer. The goods must follow a defined distribution network to reach the consumers via what is commonly referred to as trade channel or distribution channel (Kotler 1997). In fact, the trade channel acts as the link between the producer and the consumers; therefore, any channel of distribution comprises the producer, middlemen, and final buyers (Anderson James 1990). Selling the new RC airplanes will be done using the indirect method distribution channel; however, caution will be taken to ensure that middlemen are minimized. Minimizing the middlemen (Kotler 2003) is essential in ensuring profit maximization and that consumers are not overcharged since every middleman charges extra profit or commission for the goods they sell.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, according to Anderson and James (1990), goods that are produced in large quantity cannot reach the final users or consumers at the right time and place without the input of middlemen. Consequently, they will be sold via two middlemen as depicted in figure 1.1 below. Fig: 1.1: Distribution Channel for the new RC airplanes Source: (Anderson James 1990) Prior research to adoption of pricing policy According to Aaker (1999), good policies are vital for the attainment of progress in both economic and social spheres. Price policy formulation; thus, is central to success of any business enterprise and more often the quality of price policies formed is depended on the capacity of the marketing team in the business and the strategies employed by the team (Frank 1998; Boone Kurtz 2011). Before making any price policies, it is important for the firm to carry out research on the factors affecting pricing; both internal and external. Furthermore, the pricing policy should compare all the available prici ng options and result in an acceptable price level range for the product (Uva 2001). Anderson and James (1990), note that performing prior research to determine most appropriate pricing strategies is important as the knowledge acquired can be used in assigning the best price markups for the products. To achieve an acceptable pricing policy, it is important for the marketing team to carry out prior research in the following areas;Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Developing price policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More on the mix of products they intend to offer in the market, this is important because it limits or broadens the pricing strategies options available for the business to exploit; market research to be able to determine the target market and the best possible pricing goals and strategies for the targeted market demographics; the best method of distribution or channel of distributions of products ultimatel y impacts on the pricing strategies, for example, direct sales grants the producer more control over the product in terms of pricing, or displays as opposed to wholesale; research should be done on the approximate life cycle of each product since the life cycle of the product determines the quantity to produce at a particular time. For example, goods with estimated short life cycles require that they are produced in massive quantities to be able to generate bigger profit margins, while those with estimated long life cycles gives the producer time to attain their pricing objectives; policies such as government regulatory policies that may impose price regulations on your product by limiting the maximum prices that can be charged for the product; finally, the company ought to carry out prior research on the anticipated product demand. For example, projected high demands means that the consumers will highly unlikely be concerned with price of the product thus the producer has more flex ibility in choosing an appropriate pricing strategy (Uva 2001; NetMBA 2005). Pricing objective The pricing objective to be adopted by the company for the new RC airplanes will be quantity maximization since the company’s main mission is to become a leader in terms of market share amongst companies producing RC aircrafts. Consequently, the pricing objective of the company seeks to maximize the number of the new models of RC airplanes sold (Giddens, Parcell Brees 2005). Pricing strategies According to Kotler (2003), several pricing strategies exist for companies to choose from, however, some of these pricing strategies only work well with certain pricing objectives. Uva (2001) advises that a careful selection ought to be done by business managers when choosing a pricing objective as the choice of appropriate pricing strategies depends on the selected pricing objective. Moreover, each pricing objective works well with a particular set of pricing strategies (Figure 2.2). Finall y, it has been noted (Doyle 2000) that different pricing strategies can be successfully applied at different times to fit the changing market strategies, product life cycles, and market conditions. Figure 2.2: Pricing objective and strategies From figure 2.2 above, it can be noted that owing to the pricing objective of the company; quantity maximization, the best marketing strategies would be as follows: (1)Multiple pricing; (2) Good, better, best pricing; (3) Loss leader pricing; (4) penetration pricing; and (5) product bundle pricing (Uva 2001; Doyle 2002). Multiple pricing: aims at luring customers to make large purchases by offering slight discounts to customers who buy goods in large quantities. The prices of single items are slightly higher to those that purchased in bulk (Boone Kurtz 2011). For example, buying one new RC airplane will cost the customer approximately $ 85; the customer will be required to pay $ 165 for two RC airplanes. As a result, the customers will feel that they are getting discount for buying two items since $ 82.5 (165à ·2) is $ 2.5 less than $ 85.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, $ 82.5 is the price that the company would be charging for each new RC airplane if the company was not employing the multiple pricing strategies. The strategy will be able to generate more profit for the company by increasing the quantity of items sold, as well as through increasing prices for customers who purchase one item. Practically, the strategy penalizes the customer for purchasing one item since the price is typically set higher than it will cost; that is at $ 85 instead of $ 82.5. Good, better, best pricing: this is a pricing strategy in which the price of the same item increases with slight changes that are made to the product, for example, changes in packaging. The price can be offered in a series of three formats with the price of each series rising above the price of the previous series (Doyle 2002). The goods that are priced at ‘better† price and those that are priced at â€Å"best† price require more attention from the producer than those w ithâ€Å"good† price; however, the higher prices charged for them are worth the extra effort (Achrol 1997; Day Liam 1988). For example, the new RC can be categorized into those that are very heavy, slow, and noisy as being â€Å"good† price, while those that are less heavy, fast, and produce relatively low noise as â€Å"better† price and those that are light, faster, and have noise minimization capabilities as being priced at â€Å"best† prices. Loss leader pricing: in this strategy, the customers are enticed into visiting the shop that deals with different product or parts by reducing the price of one item. This is done with the hope that when customers visit the shop to make purchase of the cheaper item they may also buy other items (Alderson 1937). For example, in applying this strategy to the pricing of the new RC airplanes, the company will use other accessories such as the RC airplane battery as the loss leader product, thus customers who come to buy the RC airplane batteries may end up buying other accessories or even purchase a new model of the RC airplane. Penetration pricing: this is a strategy that is employed by business enterprises that want to break into a new market or segment of the market that is not previously served by the business. The main objective of the penetration pricing strategy is to attract and increase the market share of the product (Day Liam 1988). Therefore, applying the penetration pricing strategy requires that the business reduces the prices to a certain minimum in order to attract customers; however, this price must be increased once the management is satisfied that the objective has been attained as this strategy initially reduces profit margins significantly (Urbany 2001). For example, if the market research indicated that the competitors sold their RC aircrafts for $ 83 to $ 99, then the company will have to sell the new RC airplane models for about $ 80 in order to attract customers since there are already several other RC airplane sellers in the market and the company is new. This will be done for six months after which there will be a price review upwards as the price of $ 80 covers the production cost but it is the lowest of the market range. This pricing strategy achieves the objective of the quantity maximization by increasing number of items sold at low prices. At the same, the strategy can help in revenue maximization that results from the large numbers of purchases made (Whitefield, 1994). Product bundle pricing: this pricing strategy is applied when the producer wants to get rid of overstock or sell complementary products. The products are bundled together and the customer who buys the new item can get an older or complimentary good for less (Day Liam 1988; Doyle 2002). In respect to the new RC airplane models, the company may decide to sell the older versions or accessories that are compatible with the new models in bundles at lower prices. Product bundlin g will help the company achieve its objective by making it possible to sell items that might have not been sold. Procedure for price calculation In calculating the unit cost of the new RC airplane models, the company will apply the Conjoint Analysis (Curry 1996), which is a marketing research tool that is used to determine attributes the new product and how the new features affect the price of the new product. The choice to use conjoint analysis is supported by the fact that it is flexible and less expensive to carry out than concept testing (Trout 1998; Nagle Holden 2001; Rhim Cooper 2005). Suppose the company intended to produce sets of new RC airplanes, from the users’ perspective and experience, the new sets will be affected by some important product features, for example, speed, average plane life, and price. Table 1: Attributes of new RC airplane Average Speed Average plane life Price 80Km/hr 60 falls $ 82.5 70Km/hr 50 falls $ 85.0 60Km/hr 35 falls $ 90.0 From table 1, it clear that the markets â€Å"ideal† RC airplane is the one that has a speed of 80Km/hr, an average life of 60 falls, and is less expensive costing $ 82.5. However, from a manufacturing perspective the â€Å"ideal† new RC airplane is that which has a speed of 60Km/hr, has shorter life cycle of 35 falls, and cost more at $ 90 assuming that it cost less to manufacture RC airplanes that are slow and have shorter life cycles. Ranking the features conjointly between two buyers Table 2: Buyer 1 Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr 1 3 6 70Km/hr 2 5 8 60Km/hr 4 7 9 Table 3: Buyer 2 Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr 1 2 4 70Km/hr 3 5 6 60Km/hr 7 8 9 From table 2 and 3 the buyers tend to agree on the least preferred feature of the plane, but, buyer one tends to tradeoff average speed to ball life while buyer two makes an opposite tradeoff. Next is to figure out a set of values that when summed up produces buyer one’s rank as shown in table 3. Table 3: Set of values that produce buyer’s preferences Average RC airplane life 60 falls (90) 50 falls (50) 35 falls (0) Average Maximum Speed 80Km/hr (60) 1(150) 3(110) 6(60) 70Km/hr (30) 2(120) 5(80) 8(30) 60Km/hr(0) 4(90) 7(50) 9(0) Suppose table 4 represents the tradeoffs buyer one buyer one is willing to make between price and average airplane life: Table 4a Average RC airplane life 60 falls 50 falls 35 falls Price $ 82.5 1 4 7 $ 85 2 5 8 $ 90 3 6 9 Table 4b Average RC airplane life 60 falls (90) 50 falls (50) 35 falls (0) Price $ 82.5 (10) 1(100) 4(60) 7(10) $ 85 (5) 2(95) 5(55) 8(5) $ 90 (0) 3(90) 6(50) 9(0) From the analysis the company then ends up with a set of complete values known as utilities that capture buyer 1’s tradeoffs a shown in table five below. Table 5: Buyer 1 tradeoffs Average Maximum Speed Average RC airplane life Price 80Km/hr 60 60 falls 90 $ 82.5 10 70Km/hr 30 50 falls 50 $ 85 5 60Km/hr 0 35 falls 0 $ 90 0 The company will use the table above in calculating the price of the RC airplane to produce as follows: suppose the company intends to produce two models of RC airplane as show in table 6. Table 6 Speed RC airplane Long life RC airplane Speed 80Km/hr 70Km/hr Life cycle 50 falls 60 falls Price $ 85 $ 90 Then, the values for buyer one in table 5 when summed up provides the estimate of the buyer’s preferences as shown below in table 7. Table 7 Speed RC airplane Long life RC airplane Speed 80Km/hr 60 70Km/hr 30 Life cycle 50 falls 50 60 falls 90 Price $ 85 5 $ 90 0 Total utility 115 120 From table 7, it can be concluded that the customer is likely to prefer long life RC airplane over the faster model because it has the highest amount of utility. The company should produce life RC airplanes and sell them at about $ 90 per item. Due to multitude and complexity of factors involved in determining the price of products, assembling relevant information on the market conditions will determine the long term price changes. However, the short term price policies are tactical in nature as they endeavor to realize short term business objectives, and will be employed in relation to the goal they are intended to achieve. List of References Aaker, D A 1999, Managing brand equity: capitalizing on the value of a brand name, The Free Press, New York. Achrol, RS 1997, â€Å"Changes in the theory of inter-organizational relations in marketing: toward a network paradigm†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 56-71. Alderson, W 1937, â€Å"A Marketing view of competition†, Journal of Marketing, vol.1, pp.189-190 Anderson, J C James, A N 1990, â€Å"A Model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships†, Journal of Marketing, vol.54, pp. 42-58. Boone , LE Kurtz DL 2011, Contemporary marketing, Cengage Learning, Belmont CA Curry J 1996, Understanding conjoint analysis in 15 minutes: Quirk’s Marketing Research Review, Sawtooth Technologies, Inc. Day, G S Liam F 1988, â€Å"Valuing market strategies†, Journal of Marketing, vol.2, pp. 45-57 Doyle, P 2000, Value based marketing: marketing strategies for corporate growth and shareholder value, Wiley, Chichester. Doyle, P 2002, Marketing management strategy, Prentice Hall, Harlow Frank, G 1998, Cost of production versus cost of production, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Giddens, NJ, Parcell, Brees M 2005, Selecting an appropriate pricing strategy, viewed on https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/ Kotler, P 1997, Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kotler, P 2003, Marketing management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Nagle, T Holden, R 2001, The strategy and tactics of pricing, Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. NetMBA 2005, Pricing strategy, viewed on netmba.com/marketing/pricing/ Rhim, H Cooper, LG 2005, â€Å"Assessing potential threats to incumbent brands: new product positioning under price competition in a multi segmented markets,† International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.159-182. Trout, J 1998, â€Å"Prices: simple guidelines to get them right,† Journal of Business Strategy, vol. 22, pp. 13-16. Urbany, JE 2001, â€Å"Are your prices too low?† Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 26-28. Uva, W L 2001, Smart pricing strategies, Department of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca. Whitefield, J 1994, Conflicts in construction: Avoiding, managing, resolving, MacMillan, New York.

Evaluation of Relative imprtance of Democracy Promotion,Power Essay

Evaluation of Relative imprtance of Democracy Promotion,Power Politics,and Oil in determining the U.S foreign policy towards Iraq,Saudi Arabia,and kuwait after - Essay Example p regimes , and , above all, it could not allow a religious wave of anti-American/Western sentiment to sweep through the Middle East and negatively affects American strategic interests in the region(Talbott and Chanda,2001;Chomsky,2002;Wolin,2002). 9/11 imposed the necessity of the United States to revise, and possibly completely redesign its foreign policy towards the Arab/Islamic world, especially towards the oil-states of the Persian Gulf. The U.S foreign policy towards the Middle East took a more dramatically aggressive turn following 9/11. Despite the absence of any connection between it and the terrorist acts of September 11th, and despite the lack of any concrete and persuasive evidence for the existing of weapons of mass destruction which threaten the United States, Iraq was invaded. The invasion of Iraq was in immediate opposition to international law, and violated the UN Charter regarding the conditions under which war may be legitimately declared (Falk, 2003; Fare, 2003; Benn, 2004).Saudi Arabia, long recognized as an invaluable ally within both the Muslim and Arab worlds and vital to the United States’ economic interests, came under severe public, and official, criticism from the United States. Not only was the acknowledged head of al-Qaeda, the world’s most wanted man, Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born but the majority of the nineteen terrorists identified as the perpetuators of 9/11 attack were Saud i citizens, but Saudi Arabia was accused of being the major financial supporter of fundamentalist groups in the Middle East like al-Qaeda and Hamas. Yet, it was Iraq, not Saudi Arabia, which the United States targeted. While the United States’ foreign policy towards Saudi Arabia did not assume an overly aggressive posturing, the facts surrounding 9/11, alongside evidence implicating wealthy Saudis in the financing of Islamic fundamentalist groups such as al-Qaeda, motivated the United States to revise its foreign policy towards Saudi Arabia. Even as it

Presentation Essentials IP Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presentation Essentials IP Week 5 - Essay Example The examples listed in the topic discussion give real evidence on some of the successful entrepreneurs that have managed to apply interesting business ideas. For instance, it mentions Magic Johnson who used his savings from the property he got from the repairs he made after buying a house. The intended audiences for the topic discussions include; business personnel and entrepreneurs who are aiming at making huge profits from their savings and money meant for business (Howell-Carey & Carey, 2004). Research sources My research sources on the topic include; ‘Learning About Lakefront Property by United States Environment Protection’ ‘The New Path To Real Estate Wealth by Chantal Howell Carey and Bill Carey’ and ‘Legal Aspects of Owning and Managing Woodlands by Thom Mcevoy’ (United States Environment Protection, 2012). The research resources have been useful in giving noteworthy tips of selling and owing income property through using significant bus iness ideas. For instance ‘learning about lake front property states ways an individual discovers pertinent idea of investing on the properties he/she possess either through buying or selling. Other sources states various ways a person can invest on the properties he/she has to generate maximum profits from them. ... The body section highlights on the importance of dealing with focused renters since they determine whether a business person dealing with the process of buying the property will be successful (United States Environment Protection, 2012). Further, a business entrepreneur ought to focus on incredibly low opportunity when purchasing low cost rental property. The author of the book advises business personnel having 20 to 30 dollars to invest in income property and find a suitable location for the business. On the next part, the section of the discussion states a real life example that states the importance of looking what the future holds; it is important to prepare amicably. The appropriateness and effectiveness of your visual aids The visual aids are important in assisting the audience comprehends the concept of the topic being discussed. Hence, I was forced to use visual aids such as charts; graphs and sign language to express and explain my point out valiantly and easily. For example , the charts had good images that showed the audience the best properties to look for when purchasing them. It is important for them to choose something good that will satisfy them (United States Environment Protection, 2012). The audience were able to see the statistics on the properties discussed easily hence making them aware on the expenditure they apply when purchasing them. The visual aids were attached on a mini billboard that was easy to be shown to the audiences easily. The effectiveness of your presentation The effectiveness of my presentation was that I managed to teach and edify the audience on the topic I was discussing; which was ‘The Positive Points of Owning

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Education, History of, theories, methods, and administration of schools and other agencies of information from ancient times to the present. Education developed from the human struggle for survival and enlightenment. It may be formal or informal. Informal education refers to the general social process by which human beings acquire the knowledge and skills needed to function in their culture. Formal education refers to the process by which teachers instruct students in courses of study within institutions. IIEDUCATION IN PRELITERATE SOCIETIES. Before the invention of reading and writing, people lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals, and other humans. To survive, preliterate people developed skills that grew into cultural and educational patterns. For a particular group’s culture to continue into the future, people had to transmit it, or pass it on, from adults to children. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter; making weapons and other tools; learning language; and acquiring the values, behavior, and religious rites or practices of a given culture. Through direct, informal education, parents, elders, and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually formed the moral codes that governed behavior. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people used an oral tradition, or story telling, to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. By using language, people learned to create and use symbols, words, or signs to express their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a written language and made the great cultural leap to literacy. IIIEDUCATION IN ANCIENT AFRICA AND ASIA In ancient Egypt, which flourished from about 3000 BC to about 500 BC, priests in temple schools taught not only religion but also the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. Similarly in India, priests conducted most of the formal education. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the sacred texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and philosophy. Formal education in China dates to about 2000 BC, though it thrived particularly during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see China: The Eastern Zhou). The curriculum stressed philosophy, poetry, and religion, in accord with the teachings of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and other philosophers. IVEDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE Historians have looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of Western formal education. The Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems attributed to Homer and written sometime in the 8th century BC, created a cultural tradition that gave the Greeks a sense of group identity. In their dramatic account of Greek struggles, Homer’s epics served important educational purposes. The legendary Greek warriors depicted in Homer’s work, such as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as models for the young Greeks. Ancient Greece was divided into small and often competing city-states, or poleis, such as Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Athens emphasized a humane and democratic society and education, but only about one-third of the people in Athens were free citizens. Slaves and residents from other countries or city-states made up the rest of the population. Only the sons of free citizens attended school. The Athenians believed a free man should have a liberal education in order to perform his civic duties and for his own personal development. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek city-state. In Athens, where women had no legal or economic rights, most women did not attend school. Some girls, however, were educated at home by tutors. Slaves and other noncitizens had either no formal education or very little. Sparta, the chief political enemy of Athens, was a dictatorship that used education for military training and drill. In contrast to Athens, Spartan girls received more schooling but it was almost exclusively athletic training to prepare them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan soldiers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win  arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in the Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Plato’s Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republic’s second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and the other products for all the people of the republic. In Plato’s ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society. In 335 BC Plato’s student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes. In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocrates’s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrates’s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. VEDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME While the Greeks were developing their civilization in the areas surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean. The Greeks’ education focused on the study of philosophy. The Romans, on the other hand, were preoccupied with war, conquest, politics, and civil administration. As in Greece, only a minority of Romans attended school. Schooling was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend classes. While girls from wealthy families occasionally learned to read and write at home, boys attended a primary school, called aludus. In secondary schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves, called pedagogues. After primary and secondary school, wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that prepared them to be leaders in government and administration. Cicero, a 1st century BC Roman senator, combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his book De Oratore. Like Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He also asserted that they should study ethics, military science, natural science, geography, history, and law. Quintilian, an influential Roman educator who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that education should be based on the stages of individual development from childhood to adulthood. Quintilian devised specific lessons for each stage. He also advised teachers to make their lessons suited to the student’s readiness and ability to learn new material. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. VIANCIENT JEWISH EDUCATION Education among the Jewish people also had a profound influence on Western learning. The ancient Jews had great respect for the printed word and believed that God revealed truth to them in the Bible. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud, a book of religious and civil law. Jewish religious leaders, known as rabbis, advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs, law, ethical practices, and vocational skills. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah, the most sacred document of Judaism. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues, places of worship and religious study. VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATION During the Middle Ages, or the medieval period, which lasted roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The Church operated parish, chapel, and monastery schools at the elementary level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Much of the teaching in these schools was directed at learning Latin, the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The church provided some limited opportunities for the education of women in religious communities or convents. Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. Merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. Knights received training in military tactics and the code of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. Schools were attended primarily by persons planning to enter religious life such as priests, monks, or nuns. The vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords. The serfs, who did not attend school, were generally illiterate (see Serfdom). In the 10th and early 11th centuries, Arabic learning had a pronounced influence on Western education. From contact with Arab scholars in North Africa and Spain, Western educators learned new ways of thinking about mathematics, natural science, medicine, and philosophy. The Arabic number system was especially important, and became the foundation of Western arithmetic. Arab scholars also preserved and translated into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy. Because many of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages, they might have been lost forever if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes had not preserved them. In the 11th century medieval scholars developed Scholasticism, a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics attempted to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy. Scholasticism reached its high point in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century Dominican theologian who taught at the University of Paris. Aquinas reconciled the authority of religious faith, represented by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. Aquinas described the teacher’s vocation as one that combines faith, love, and learning. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education, the universities. The famous European universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival of the 12th and 13th centuries. The name university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE RENAISSANCE The Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century. Scholars became more interested in the humanist features—that is, the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspects—of the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important. Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons. Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates (see Printing). But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. Elementary schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females. For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing. IXEDUCATION DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The religious Reformation of the 16th century marked a decline in the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to the emergence of the middle classes in Europe. Protestant religious reformers, such as John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian, or Protestant, churches. In their ardent determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language, reformers extended literacy to the masses. They established vernacular primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion for children in their own language. Vernacular schools in England, for example, used English to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters, Protestant educators wrote catechisms—primary books that summarized their religious doctrine—in a question and answer format. While the vernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level, upper-class boys attended preparatory and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. The gymnasium in Germany, the Latin grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the classical languages of Latin and Greek required to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, along with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family shaped children’s character, Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion. Each family should pray together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a useful trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. One of Luther’s colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German region of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced education throughout Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers. The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. XEDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE 17TH CENTURY Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky, known as Comenius, was particularly influential. A bishop of the Moravian Church, Comenius escaped religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands. He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism, or universal knowledge, designed to bring about worldwide understanding and peace. Comenius advised teachers to use children’s senses rather than memorization in instruction. To make learning interesting for children, he wrote The Gate of Tongues Unlocked (1631), a book for teaching Latin in the student’s own language. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658; The Visible World in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled objects in both their Latin and vernacular names. It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children. The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. Locke examined how people acquire ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He asserted that at birth the human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and empty of ideas. We acquire knowledge, he argued, from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. We begin with simple ideas and then combine them into more complex ones. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most easily when they first consider simple ideas and then gradually combine them into more complex ones. In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697), Locke recommended practical learning to prepare people to manage their social, economic, and political affairs efficiently. He believed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Locke’s curriculum included conversational learning of foreign languages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century produced important changes in education and educational theory. During the Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason, their powers of critical thinking. The Enlightenment’s ideas had a significant impact on the American Revolution (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the United States. In particular, American philosopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of utilitarian and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation. The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The foundations of modern education were established in the 19th century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, inspired by the work of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers. He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and loving homes. Like Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a so-called â€Å"object lesson† that involved exercises in learning form, number, and language. Pupils determined and traced an object’s form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading. Pestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching: (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts; (2) begin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remote; (3) begin with easy exercises before introducing complex ones; and (4) always proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slowly. American educator Henry Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of Education, introduced Pestalozzi’s ideas to the United States in the late 19th century. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of all classes of American society. German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. Maintaining that education’s primary goal is moral development, Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while misconduct resulted from an inadequate education. Knowledge, he said, should create an â€Å"apperceptive mass†Ã¢â‚¬â€a network of ideas—in a person’s mind to which new ideas can be added. He wanted to include history, geography, and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Based on his work, Herbart’s followers designed a five-step teaching method: (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lesson’s major points, and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten, a form of preschool education that literally means â€Å"child’s garden† in German. Froebel, who had an unhappy childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching. Froebel studied at Pestalozzi’s institute in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. While agreeing with Pestalozzi’s emphasis on the natural world, a kindly school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel felt that Pestalozzi’s method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that every child’s inner self contained a spiritual essence—a spark of divine energy—that enabled a child to learn independently. In 1837 Froebel opened a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a curriculum that featured songs, stories, games, gifts, and occupations. The songs and stories stimulated the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games developed children’s social and physical skills. By playing with each other, children learned to participate in a group. Froebel’s gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. For example, clay, sand, cardboard, and sticks could be used to build castles, cities, and mountains. Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the United States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody established an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and later a U. S. commissioner of education, made the kindergarten part of the American public school system. BSocial Darwinism British sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th century with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Spencer revised Darwin’s biological theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialized societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the â€Å"fittest† individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society. Urging unlimited competition, Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the bare minimum. He opposed public schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in trying to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. Spencer’s social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialization was changing American and Western European societies. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education. Emphasizing education in practical skills, he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities: (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise; (2) those needed to perform one’s occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the basic skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences; (3) those needed for parenting, to raise children properly; (4) those needed to participate in society and politics; and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencer’s ideas on education were eagerly accepted in the United States. In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, a report issued by the National Education Association, used Spencer’s list of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION In the 19th century, governments in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries organized national systems of public education. The United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in North and South America also established national education systems based largely on European models. AIn the United Kingdom. The Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom, where students paid a small fee to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that gave some government funds to these schools. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system, called payment by results, in which schools received funds based on their students’ performance on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education Act of 1870, called the Forster Act, authorized local government boards to establish public board schools. The United Kingdom then had two schools systems: board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. To make schooling available to working-class children, many schools with limited public and private funds used monitorial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, used student monitors to conduct lessons. It offered the fledgling public education system the advantage of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skills—reading, writing, and arithmetic—that were broken down into small parts or units. After a monitor had learned a unit—such as spelling words of two or three letters that began with the letter A—he would, under the master teacher’s supervision, teach this unit to a group of students. By the end of the 19th century, the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. BIn Russia Russian tsar Alexander II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local government units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. While the number of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russia’s population remained illiterate. Peasants often refused to send their children to school so that they could work on the farms. More boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives, the tsar’s government provided only limited schooling to instill political loyalty and religious piety. CIn the United States Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regional level. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively. However, beginning in the 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public education, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed compulsory school attendance laws. See Public Education in the United States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY At the beginning of the 20th century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world. Key’s book Barnets arhundrade (1900; The Century of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. AMontessori Montessori’s methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. Trained in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a children’s school, the Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children. She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. Montessori’s curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity: (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners. Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method. American educators establ.